Shortening
Vegetable shortening weighs 191g per cup and is 100% fat with no water content. It produces very tender, flaky pastries and stays solid at room temperature. Shortening can replace butter 1:1 by volume in most recipes but the result lacks butter's flavor. In Germany, Palmin (coconut fat blocks) is the closest equivalent.
02 // FULL CONVERSION TABLE
03 // WHY IT MATTERS
If your cookies spread, your bread is gummy, or your cake sinks — flour weight is usually why.
A scooped cup of flour can weigh anywhere from 125g to 180g. That's a 44% range — enough to wreck a cake.
Modern recipes use the spoon-and-level method: fluff the flour, spoon it into a dry measuring cup without packing, then sweep flat with a knife.
The scoop method — pushing the cup directly into the bag — packs in 40-50% more flour.