Red Wine
Red wine weighs 240g per cup. For cooking, choose a dry red you'd actually drink — cabernet sauvignon and merlot add body to stews and braises, pinot noir works for lighter dishes and reductions. Reduce by half over medium-high heat to concentrate flavor and burn off most alcohol (count on 30-40% remaining unless you simmer for hours). For non-alcoholic substitute, use beef broth + 1 teaspoon vinegar per cup.
02 // FULL CONVERSION TABLE
03 // WHY IT MATTERS
If your cookies spread, your bread is gummy, or your cake sinks — flour weight is usually why.
A scooped cup of flour can weigh anywhere from 125g to 180g. That's a 44% range — enough to wreck a cake.
Modern recipes use the spoon-and-level method: fluff the flour, spoon it into a dry measuring cup without packing, then sweep flat with a knife.
The scoop method — pushing the cup directly into the bag — packs in 40-50% more flour.